Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Walmart Management Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Walmart Management Problems - Essay Example This makes the space for misconceiving contenders and hurting the relationship that the retailer will have with nearby providers. This isn't the main issue that Wal-Mart faces different issues incorporate associations, low wages, sex segregation, and others that have discolored the name of the store. Wal-Mart Management Problems Looking at the most recent two decades will show how the worldwide economy has experienced an extreme change. In spite of the way that there are distinctive geographic areas around the globe isolated by seas and oceans, improvement in innovation has made the separation shrivel totally. A portion of the mechanical advancements that have made this conceivable are planes, satellite telecom, PCs, fax machines, web, and others. Innovation has made it feasible for business to grow universally and get various providers from various pieces of the world. Numerous individuals will discuss globalization and it essentially alludes to the overall monetary exercises of fre e progression of administrations, merchandise, information, capital, rivalry, and open markets. Through globalization, worldwide organizations have had the option to build up themselves in neighborhood markets while nearby organizations have had the option to go worldwide. ... This is on the grounds that it as of now has stores in Asia, Europe, and South America. Its development endeavors are still on, as it has plans of setting up more stores both locally and globally (About Wal-Mart, 2001). The way that the store is number one in the US doesn't promise it will be number one in different nations. This is a result of the difficulties that lie ahead with the guidelines of the nation where it will be opening its stores and the neighborhood supplier’s eagerness to flexibly the store with items. The way of life received in the district will tell a great deal if the store will have the option to accomplish its goal of being good to go while offering clients with quality items and administrations. Notwithstanding globalization being uplifting news for organizations, it has made rivalry to increment with the expansion in number of contenders. The way that everybody is right now worried about the earth and searches for every conceivable mean in which they c an ration nature causes condition agreeable organizations to have an advantage in ruling the market. Clients will be pulled in to organizations that are out to secure our condition that is now crushed instead of organizations that are out to see total decimation of the little excellence left in our condition. Becoming environmentally friendly will help in guaranteeing that you have consistent market for your merchandise and ventures. The Wal-Mart Culture (2004) clarifies Wal-Marts three fundamental convictions and decides that makes the store not quite the same as its rivals. Be that as it may, Gilman (2004), Jones (1998), and Menzer (2001) give the purposes behind the rate at which Wal-Mart is extending in to the universal market. They have a solid conviction that Wal-Mart will command the US advertise later on. Various

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Electric Vehicles: :: Essays Papers

Electric Vehicles: Approach Concerns: Electric vehicles need the assistance of approach and guidelines in the event that they are to be effective. Right now, both state and the central governments have executed a few strategies to help drive electric vehicle innovation. A case of this is the tax reductions some get for claiming an other fuel vehicle. Notwithstanding, the United States government is additionally exceptionally associated with the oil business. Therefore the cost of oil remains falsely low and the possibility for clean air-interchange fuel vehicles considerably further not far off. Because of the way that the oil business can furnish the legislators with increasingly financial impact, the legislature is as yet being delayed on making the important strategy changes that will permit this new innovation to begin. One of the most significant guidelines is in California and is an order that 10% of all new vehicle deals in 2003 must be substitute filled zero discharges vehicles. Be that as it may, tantamount to this appears it has been attempted before to no outcome. The huge vehicle makers got together and utilized their capacity to defeat this law and not make substitute filled vehicles in the numbers that were asked by the board. In light of this the year the command would produce results has been pushed back again and again. 2003 was the most recent tarrying, and we will perceive what amount happens now. There are in actuality different approaches that may have an impact. The Clear Air Acts Amendment (CAAA) has arrangement a rundown of prerequisites for particular sorts of vehicles. These are rules at first arrangement during the 1970s by the Environmental Protection Agency. They have since been refreshed in 1990. They have said that a specific number of civil armadas must be low-discharge vehicles. Be that as it may, these can at present be run normally gas, they simply should not contaminate excessively. The EPA has been endeavoring to push vehicles that don't dirty. Be that as it may, they are generally keen on vehicles with low discharges rather than zero. Due to this the inside ignition motor has had the option to keep up and decrease their emanations enough to stay legitimate. In the event that the EPA needed to truly make ground they would need to pass strategy that will make radical change because of a zero outflow arrangement. Another arrangement of approach that was passed by the government is known as the Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988 (AMFA). This is an order that the Department of Energy make certain rules that shoppers can use to precisely contrast interchange energized vehicles with gas controlled vehicles.

Wednesday, July 29, 2020

Best of Book Riot Five Ways to Jump-Start Your Book Club

Best of Book Riot Five Ways to Jump-Start Your Book Club To celebrate the end of the year, were running some of our favorite posts from the last six months. Well be back with all-new stuff on January 7th. _________________________ Like many liberal-arts educated and Pinterest-obsessed middle-ish class twenty-something American women, I am part of a book club. Well, kind of. Were technically a book club in that we CALL ourselves a book club (we even have the most awesome of book club names Falcon Attack!). Weve met. A few times. And most of us have read some of the books we were assigned to read. So if you count that as a book club, oh snap, we are a book club! But if you dont, then I take back that snap, we are not a book club. No one is to blame. You know how people are always saying they dont have time to read. A book club is that times seven or fifteen, or however many goofballs you have in your club. Thats a lot of people who lead very busy lives and may have the time to read the books they have chosen for themselves, but maybe dont so much want to read a book someone else has picked out for them. So Ive been trying to brainstorm up ways to get our book club jump-started again and I thought I would share a few with you. Lets do it! 1.) Have your book club read  all the it books! Hunger Games, Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, Gone Girl- once a book becomes a big bestseller, tap-tap-youre-it that tome as your next book club book. People will feel peer-pressured by CULTURE to read these suckers. Or bonus plus, some people will have already READ the book in question and all theyll have to do will be to show up. I know these are all commercial fiction picks, and you can do the same thing with big fiction prize winners- Pulitzer, National Book Award, Booker, etc. I think youre going to have an easier time hooking people if you keep it to the runaway bestsellers. 2.) Do it like they do in AP English! Add a homework assignment element to the meetings if you have a crafty and creative crew. For example, my group has been talking about reading Fifty Shades of Grey next (see #1 above as to why), and I think it would be cool if we divided up the chapters and had to do some kind of mini-report or project on our sections. For example, if I  take chapters 1-5, I could do a two-page book report in the style of a seventh grader half-assing it so he can go play video games or pretentious college sophomore who just declared a double major in Comp Lit and American Studies. Or I could do a foam board presentation! Or a dramatic reading. OR A DIORAMA. (Can you guys tell Im going to do a diorama of Fifty Shade of Grey?  If you cant tell, then this is me telling you that I am.) It may sound like more work: Wait I have to read the book AND do the fing foam board thing??? But I think if you keep the prompts manageable (people can put as much or as little work in as they want) and you get a few people to do rad takes on the assignment at the next meeting, you could get this ball rolling! 3.) Read the book before the movie comes out! All Hollywood does is make movies of books (because you say things like brand and built-in audience and suddenly everyones got dollar signs in their eyes.) We just had the film adaptation of Perks of Being a Wallflower come out, and thats a book you can read in almost a sitting, if you hadnt already read it eight times between the ages of twelve and twenty-two. Cloud Atlas is coming out and thats a book youre going to NEED to read if you want to know what  the heck is going on in dystopian clone-run McDonalds and why the bejeezus Tom Hanks is running around post-apocalyptic Hawaii. Or you can be a super-cheater club and go see/rent movies of books youve already read. Or for super-super cheaters just get together and watch Revenge and every once in a while say something about how people were just as psycho to each other in Count of Monte Cristo as they are in this modern, prime-time adaptation. 4.) Make it a Short Story Club or an Essay Club! No ones going to say, I didnt have time to finish the last twenty pages of the short story.  THERE ARE ONLY TWENTY PAGES IN A SHORT STORY. Same with essays. Bonus, you can have a few people per meeting choose what short pieces will be read. The more people that have a vested interest (bossing other people around=automatic vested interest) the more people will read the shenanigans that need to get read. 5.) Have the BEST SNACKS EVER! Get really good cooks (or people that are really good at buying food) to be in your club, and club members only get to come and eat if they read their chapters! I know thats a little harsh! But a little harsh can go a long way, and if it gets everyone reading and talking about reading in a living room and eating good food and having great fun together, I think thats harsh well played. What about you guys? Have you  figured out a way to get everyone to show up to your club having ACTUALLY READ THE BOOK?  Talk to me in the comments section below. Im serious, if youve made this mission impossible an actually possible mission, we need to confab. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

Friday, May 22, 2020

`` Rent Seeking And The Marking Of An Unequal Society ``...

Modern Americans always appeal for freedom, as it is stated in the national pledge that the U.S. is â€Å"one nation, under god, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all†. Many civilians are chasing freedom for freedom, yet most of them need constraints and guides. In â€Å"Rent Seeking and the Marking of an Unequal Society†, Joseph E. Stiglitz discusses the inequality created by monopolistic businessmen and suggests that American government need to regulate the economy and trading system. He defines some of those monopolists as rent-seekers who do not create new profits into the society, but take advantage over others to acquire wealth. Tim Wu, the author of â€Å"Father and Son†, talks about the monopolies within information world – the competition between Apple and Google. Apple first â€Å"opened† personal computing to individuals under the inspiration of Steve Woznaik, but turned into an exclusive company when Steve Jobs introduced â€Å" closed† Macintosh. Then Jobs consolidated this enclosure through iPod, iPhone, and iPad. Google, as the â€Å"son† who focuses on Web directing, keeps the openness of Internet information by building a â€Å"searching† web system. However, Google does not open its searching engine program to the public. Apple and Google are creators and rent-seekers of information world at the same time, because they do not really produce entirely new technology. Instead, they build their companies on the premise of the previous innovations and improve these innovations by adding

Saturday, May 9, 2020

Un-Answered Problems With Samples of Introductory Sentences to Sentences for Essay Applying to Colleg Disclosed

Un-Answered Problems With Samples of Introductory Sentences to Sentences for Essay Applying to Colleg Disclosed In truth, it's probably the most essential part of your essay, since it draws in the reader. If you're in the center of your essay writing procedure, you will want to see our suggestions on what essay pitfalls to prevent. To begin with, as soon as you are writing about another bit of literature, that which we call literary analysis, probably the very best and most straightforward means to begin your paper is to start by stating the author and title. Both examples handle the identical theme (sick parent) but utilize various approaches. Possessing a crystal clear and structured plan is the foundation for any great bit of writing, and a college essay is not any different. Students are from time to time so eager to jump into their writing they begin referring to the subject without providing an introduction in any respect. Some students may discover this to be a very simple procedure, while others might devote a larger volume of time understanding this simple building block of college writing. You have to grab their attention and the best method to do this is by writing in your voice. The words of a renowned individual, for example an author, would be the very best approach to start an essay. It's time to be a word artist! When time is tight, it's excellent to have a way to begin quickly. If it comes to writing essays in college, most of us need somewhere to begin. The slang also emphasizes this region of the letter. Do not attempt and describe too much in this section, as you would like to split up the bulk of it for the remaining portion of the essay! The usage of the exclamation mark provides the sentence that Eureka moment. I would say that 3-5 examples is a very good variety, provided that they are many different kinds of something similar. The Most Popular Samples of Introductory Sentences to Sentences for Essay Applying to Colleg Making an essay isn't an easy job. Essay outline for college plays an important role. You're not writing for yourself here, but instead for quite a specific type of reader. The reader would like to learn more. The Start of Samples of Introductory Sentences to Sentences for Essay Applying to Colleg The remainder of the paragraph will be produced of supporting sentences. Each paragraph starts with a new big point that's then explained. Your very first paragraph clearly indicates the goal of your essay. Moreover, the whole introductory paragraph lets your r eader know what your paper is all about and why it's important to read your paper. Informative essay examples may be used for references. Below are a couple of the very best. Below is a good example of a 5-paragraph essay. Share an essay on any subject of your pick. Inside this lesson, let's look at some effective tactics to compose introductory sentences, or the initial sentences of an essay. Let's consider a good example. Before starting an essay, it's important to understand what you're writing for. A great prep book can be absolutely the most important study tool you use, and we've got information on all the ideal TOEFL prep books you need to consider. It will inform you how and why to move past the five-paragraph themes you learned to write in high school and get started writing essays which are more analytical and more flexible. The student understood why he wished to visit this college.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Enterprise Risk Management Free Essays

Enterprise / Operational Risk Management IT Audit Manager City National Bank California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Enterprise risk management (ERM) is a relatively new discipline that focuses on identifying, analyzing, monitoring, and controlling all major risk classes (e. g. , credit, market, liquidity, operational risk classes). We will write a custom essay sample on Enterprise Risk Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Operational risk management (ORM) is a subset of ERM that focuses on identifying, analyzing, monitoring, and controlling operational risk. The purpose of this paper is to explain what enterprise risk management is and how operational risk management fits into the ERM framework. In our conclusion, we discuss what is likely to happen in the ERM / ORM environment over the next 5 years. Introduction As the Internet has come of age, companies have been rethinking their business models, core strategies, and target customer bases. â€Å"Getting wired,† provides businesses with new opportunities, but brings new risks and uncertainty into the equation. Mismanagement of risk can carry an enormous cost. In recent years, business has experienced numerous, related risk reversals that have resulted in considerable financial loss, decrease in shareholder value, damage to company reputations, dismissals of senior management, and, in some cases, the very dissolution of the business. This increasingly risky environment, in which risk mismanagement can have dire consequences, mandates that management adopt a new more proactive perspective on risk management. What is Enterprise / Operational Risk Management? Clearly, there is a correlation between effective risk management and a well-managed business. Over time, a business that cannot manage risk effectively will not prosper and, perhaps fail. A disastrous product recall could be the company’s last. Rogue traders lacking oversight and adequate controls have destroyed old well-established institutions in a very short time. But, historically, risk management in even the most successful businesses has tended to be in â€Å"silos†Ã¢â‚¬â€the insurance risk, the technology risk, the financial risk, the environmental risk, all managed independently in separate compartments. Coordination of risk management has usually been non-existent, and identification of emerging risks has been sluggish. This paper espouses a recent concept—enterprise-wide risk management—in which the management of risks is integrated and coordinated across the entire organization. A culture of risk awareness is created. Companies across a wide crosssection of industries are beginning to implement this effective new methodology. 1 Enterprise / Operational Risk Management At first glimpse, there is much similarity between operational risk management and other classes of risk (e. . , credit, market, liquidity risk, etc. ) and the tools and techniques applied to them. In fact, the principles applied are nearly identical. Both ORM and ERM must identify, measure, mitigate and monitor risk. However, at a more detailed level, there are numerous differences, ranging from the risk classes themselves to the skills needed to work with operational risk. Operational risk management is just beginning to define the next phase of evolution of corporate risk management. Should firms be able to develop successful ORM programs, the next step will be for these firms to integrate ORM with all other classes of risks into truly enterprise-wide risk management frameworks. See Exhibit 1 for an example of an ERM / ORM organizational structure representative of the banking industry: ERM Organization Chart CEO Group Risk Director (ERM) Economic Capital (Planning) Risk Transfer Group Risk Executive Committee Change Program Credit Risk * Market Risk* Operational Risk (ORM)* Corporate Compliance IT Security and Business Continuity Corporate Risk Evaluation (Audit) †¢ Note – the major categories of risk to which financial services firms expose themselves are credit risk, market risk and operational risk. Not surprisingly, financial services firms’ largest risk concentrations—credit risk and market risk are most effectively managed. Exhibit 1 2 Why Enterprise / Operational Risk Management? There are many reasons ERM / ORM functions are being established within corporations. following are a few of the reasons these functions are being established. Organizational Oversight Two groups have recently emphasized the importance of risk management at the organization’s highest levels. In October 1999, the National Association of Corporate Directors released its Report of the Blue Ribbon Commission on Audit Committees, which recommends that audit committees â€Å"define and use timely, focused information that is responsive to important performance measures and to the key risks they oversee. † The report states that the chair of the audit committee should develop an agenda that includes â€Å"a periodic review of risk by each significant business unit. In January 2000, the Financial Executives Institute released the results of a survey on audit committee effectiveness. Respondents, primarily chief financial officers and corporate controllers, ranked â€Å"key areas of business and financial risk† as most important for audit committee oversight. In light of events surrounding recent corporate scandals (e. g. , Enr on, etc. ), and the increasing executive and regulatory focus on risk management, the percentage of companies with formal ERM methods is increasing and audit committees are becoming more involved in corporate oversight. The UK and Canada have set forth specific legal requirements for audit committee oversight of risk evaluation, mitigation, and management which are widely accepted as best practices in the U. S. Magnitude of Problem The magnitude of loss and impact of operational risk and losses to date is difficult to ignore. Based on years of industry loss record-keeping from public sources, large operational risk-related financial services losses have averaged well in excess of $15 billion annually for the past 20 years, but this only reflects the large public and visible losses. Research has yielded nearly 100 individual relevant losses greater than $500 million each, and over 300 individual losses greater than $100 million each. 1 Exhibit 2 is a listing of major operational losses. Interestingly enough, the majority of these losses have occurred in financial services, which explains the industry’s leading focus on operational risk management especially in the area of asset-liability modeling and treasury management models to manage risks in the highly volatile capital markets activity of derivative trading and speculation. The 1 Hoffman, Douglas G. , Managing Operational Risk (New York: John Wiley Sons, 2002), p. xvi. 3 Top Operational Risk Losses Company Numerous Financial Institutions and Others BCCI Sumitomo Corporation Tokyo Shinkin Bank Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Daiwa Bank Barings Non-Financial Institutions: LTCM Texaco, Inc. Cendant Corporation Dow Corning St. Francis Assisi Foundation Mettlgesellschaft Owens Corning Fiber Glass Orange County Atlantic Richfield Kashima Oil Showa Shell Prudential Securities Drexel Burnham Lambert General Motors Phar Mor Loss Amount $20 million. Initial Estimates $17 billion $2. 9 billion $2. 3 billion $1. 8 billion $1. 1 billion $1 billion $4 billion $3 billion $2. 9 billion $2 billion $2 billion $1. billion $1. 7 billion $1. 6 billion $1. 5 billion $1. 5 billion $1. 5 billion $1. 4 billion $1. 3 billion $1. 2 billion $1. 1 billion Date 2001 1991 1996 19901991 1992 19831995 1995 1998 1984 19851998 1994 1999 19911993 1980s1990s 1994 19861990 1994 19891993 1994 19981993 1996 1992 Description Terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners and crashed them into the World Trade Center. Over 2000 lives lost. Countless businesses impacted. Regulators seized about 75 percent of The Bank of Credit and Commerce International’s $17 billion in assets in a major fraud. Sumitomo Corporation incurred huge losses through excessive trading of copper. The manager of the Imasato branch forged 19 deposit certificates, which were used to raise money for stock deals. Former employees plead guilty to conspiring to arrange $5 billion in unauthorized loans to Iraq. Loss due to unauthorized trading by an employee. This catastrophic loss has become a benchmark for operational risk. Losses due to lack of dual control and checks and balances. Huge market losses due to inadequate model management and inadequate controls at Long Term Capital Management. Pennzoil sued Texaco alleging that Texaco â€Å"wrongfully interfered† in its merger deal with Getty. Largest and longest-running accounting fraud in history. Former executives conspired to inflate earnings. The company agreed to pay settlements to 18 women who indicated breast implants made them ill. Insurance fraud case in which Martin Frankel allegedly stole as much as $2 billion from this foundation. Loss due to liquidation of oil supply contracts. Settlement of asbestos-related claims. Largest people risk class case in financial history. Largest investment loss ever registered by a municipality. Settlement of North Slope oil royalties dispute with Alaska. Disguised losses on FX forward contracts. Major oil refiner in Japan faced losses from forward currency contracts. Settled charges of securities fraud with state and federal regulators. Former employees filed a class action suit charging the company with fraud, breach of duty and negligence. Heavy losses suffered due to 3 strikes. A former president of the firm defrauded in an embezzlement scheme. Exhibit 2 Source: Hoffman; Managing Operational Risk 4 Increasing Business Risks With the increasing speed of change for all companies in this new era, senior management must deal with many complex risks that have substantial consequences for the organization. A few forces currently creating uncertainty are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Technology and the Internet Increased worldwide competition Free trade and investment worldwide Complex financial instruments Deregulation of key industries Changes in organizational structures from downsizing, reengineering, and mergers Increasing customer expectations for products and services More and larger mergers Collectively, these forces are stimulating considerable change and creating an increasing risk in the business environment. Regulatory The international regulators clearly intend to encourage banks to develop their own proprietary risk measurement models to assess regulatory, as well as economic, capital. The advantage for banks should be a substantial reduction in regulatory capital, and a more accurate allocation of capital vis-a-vis the actual risk confronted. In December 2001, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision submitted a paper â€Å"Sound Practices for the Management and Supervision of Operational Risk† for comment by the banking industry. In developing these sound practices the Committee recommended that banks have risk management systems in place to identify, measure, monitor and control operational risks. While the guidance in this paper is intended to apply to internationally active banks, plans are to eventually apply this guidance to those banks deemed significant on the basis of size, complexity, or systemic importance and to smaller, less complex banks. Regulators will eventually conduct regular independent evaluations of a bank’s strategies, policies, procedures and practices addressing operational risks. The paper indicates an independent evaluation of operational risk will incorporate a review of the following six bank areas:2 †¢ †¢ Process for assessing overall capital adequacy for operational risk in relation to its risk profile and its internal capital targets; Risk management process and overall control environment effectiveness with respect to operational risk exposures; 2 Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Sound Practices for the Management and Supervision of Operational Risk, (Basel, Switzerland: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 2001), p. 1. 5 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Systems for monitoring and reporting operational risk exposures and other data quality considerations; Procedures for timely and effective resolution of operational risk exposures and events; Process of internal controls, reviews and audit to ensure integrity of the overall risk management process; and Effectiveness of operational risk mitigation efforts. Market Factors Market factor s also play an important role in motivating organizations to consider ERM / ORM. Comprehensive shareholder value management and ERM / ORM are very much linked. Today’s financial markets place substantial premiums for consistently meeting earnings expectations. Not meeting expectations can result in severe and rapid decline in shareholder value. Research conducted by Tillinghast-Towers Perrin found that with all else being equal, organizations that achieved more consistent earnings than their peers were rewarded with materially higher market valuations. 3 Therefore, for corporate executives, managing key risks to earnings is an important element of shareholder value management. The traditional view of risk management has often focused on property and iability related issues or internal controls. However, â€Å"traditional† risk events such as lawsuits and natural disasters may have little or no impact on destroying shareholder value compared to other strategic and operational exposures—such as customer demand shortfall, competitive pressures, and cost overruns. One explanation for this is that traditional risk hazards ar e relatively well understood and managed today—not that they don’t matter. Managers now have the opportunity to apply tools and techniques for traditional risks to all risks that affect the strategic and financial objectives of the organization. For non-publicly traded organizations, ERM / ORM is valuable for many of the same reasons. Rather than from the perspective of shareholder value, ERM / ORM would provide managers with a comprehensive overview of other important items such as cash flow risks or stakeholder risks. Regardless of the organizational form, ERM / ORM can be an important management tool. Corporate Governance Defense against operational risk and losses flows from the highest level of the organization—the board of directors and executive management. The board, the management team that they hire, and the policies that they develop, all set the tone for a company. As guardians of shareholder value, boards of directors must be acutely attuned to market reaction to negative news. In fact, they can find themselves castigated by the public if the reaction is severe enough. As representatives of the shareholders, boards of directors are responsible for policy 3 Tillinghast-Towers Perrin, Enterprise Risk Management: Trends and Emerging Practices. (The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation, 2001), p. xxvi. 6 matters relative to corporate governance, including but not limited to setting the stage for the framework and foundation for enterprise risk management. Right now, operational risk management is a â€Å"hot topic† of discussion for regulators and in boardrooms across the US. In the wake of the 2001 releases from the Basel Risk Management Committee, banks now have further insight as to the regulatory position on the need for regulatory capital for operational risk. Meanwhile, shareholders are aware that there are means to identify, measure, manage, and mitigate operational risk that add up to billions of dollars every year and include frequent, low-level losses and also infrequent but catastrophic losses that have actually wiped out firms, such as Barings, and others. Regulators and shareholders have already signaled that they will hold directors and executives accountable for managing operational risk. Best-Practice Senior managers need to encourage the development of integrated systems that aggregate various market, credit, liquidity, operational and other risks generated by business units in a consistent framework across the institution. Consistency may become a necessary condition to regulatory approval of internal risk management models. An environment where each business unit calculates their risk separately with different rules will not provide a meaningful oversight of firm-wide risk. The increasing complexity of products, linkages between markets, and potential benefits offered by overall portfolio effects are pushing organizations toward standardizing and integrating risk management. Conclusion It seems clear that ERM / ORM is more than another management fad or academic theory. We believe that ERM / ORM will become part of the management process for organizations in the future. Had ERM / ORM processes been in place during the past two decades, a number of the operational risk debacles that took place may not have occurred or would have been of lesser magnitude. Companies are beginning to see the benefit of protecting themselves from all types of potential risk exposures. By identifying and mapping risk exposures throughout the organization, a company can concentrate on mitigating those exposures that can do the most damage. With an understanding of risks, their severity, and their frequency, a company can turn to solutions; be it retaining, transferring, sharing, or avoiding a particular risk. Our thoughts on what will happen in the ERM / ORM environment in the next 5 years are: In the next 5 years, it is likely that companies will no longer view risk management as a specialized and isolated activity: the management of insurance or foreign exchange risks, for instance. The new approach will 7 keep managers and employees at all levels sensitized to and concerned about risk management. Risk management will be coordinated with senior management oversight and everyone in the organization will view risk management as part of his or her job. The risk management process will be continuous and broadly focused. All business risks and opportunities will be covered. In the next 5 years, the use of bottom-up risk assessments will be a standard process used to identify risks throughout the organization. The self-assessment process will involve everyone in the company and require individual units to focus and report on the threats to their individual business objectives. Through the selfassessment process, the organization will be able to understand loss potential and risk control by business, by profit center and by product. The individual line manager will begin to understand the loss potential in his or her own processing system. In the next 5 years, the use of top-down scenario analysis will be another standard method used to identify risks throughout the organization. Top down scenario analysis will determine the risk potential for the entire firm, the entire business, organization, or portfolio of business. By its very nature, it is a high-level representation and cannot get into the bottom-up transaction-by-transaction risk analysis. For example, because Microsoft has a campus of more than 50 buildings in the Seattle area, earthquakes are a risk. 4 In the past, Microsoft looked at silos of risk. For example, they would have looked at property insurance when they considered the risks of an earthquake and thought about protecting equipment and buildings. However, using scenario analysis they are now taking a more holistic perspective in considering the risk of an earthquake. The Microsoft risk management group has analyzed this disaster scenario with its advisors and has attempted to quantify its real cost, taking into account how risks are correlated. In the process, the group identified risks in addition to property damage, such as the following: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 4 Director and officer liability if some people think management was not properly prepared. Key personnel risk Capital market risk because of the firm’s inability to trade. Worker compensation or employee benefit risk. Supplier risk for those in the area of the earthquake. Risk related to loss of market share because the business is interrupted. Michel Crouhy, Dan Galai, and Robert Mark, Making Enterprise Risk Management Payoff (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), pp 132-133. 8 †¢ †¢ Research and development risks because those activities are interrupted and product delays occur. Product support risks because the company cannot respond to customer inquiries. By using scenario analysis, management has identified a number of risks that it might not have otherwise and Microsoft is now in a better position to manage these risks. The future ERM / ORM tools such as risk assessment and scenario analysis will assist companies in identifying and mitigating the majority of these risks. In the next 5 years, companies will be using internal and external loss databases to capture occurrences that may cause losses to the company and the actual losses themselves. This data will be used in quantitative models that will project the potential losses from the various risk exposures. This data will be used to manage the amount of risk a company may be willing to take. In the next 5 years, companies will allocate capital to individual business units based on operational risk. By linking operational risk capital charges to the sources of that risk, individuals with risk optimizing behavior will be rewarded and those without proper risk practices will be penalized. In the next 5 years, internal audit will become even more focused on how risks are managed and controlled throughout the company on a continuous basis. Internal audit will be responsible for reporting on integrity, accuracy, and reasonableness of the company’s entire risk management process. In addition, Internal Audit will be involved in ensuring the appropriateness of the company’s capital assessment and allocation processes. Furthermore, audit will influence continual improvement of risk management and controls through the sharing of best practices. In the next 5 years, management will be looking for individuals who are skilled in risk management. Professional designations such as the Bank Administration Institute’s Certified Risk Professional (CRP) and the Information and Audit and Control Association’s Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) will demonstrate proficiency in the risk management area and will be in demand. In the next 5 years, external auditors will be required to report on the efficiency and effectiveness of a company’s risk management program. These companies will be required to disclose the scope and nature of risk reporting and/or measurement systems in their annual reports. Overall, companies will be better positioned in the next 5 years to deal with the broad scope of enterprise-wide risks. By implementing the ERM / ORM process now, companies will begin to maximize their overall risk profile for competitive advantage. 9 Bibliography Barton, Thomas L. ; Shenkir, William G. ; Walker, Paul L. Making Enterprise Risk Management Pay Off. New Jersey: Financial Times / Prentice Hall, 2002. Basel II Mandates a Nest http://web2. infotrac. galegroup. co Egg for Banks† US Banker. (July 1, 2002) 48. July 2002. BITS. BITS Technology Risk Transfer Gap Analysis Tool. Washington, D. C. : BITS, 2002. Bock, Jerome T. , The Strategic Role of â€Å"Economic Capital† in Bank Management, Wimbledon, London: MidasKapiti International, 2000. Business Banking Board. RAROC and Operating Risk. Washington, D. C. : Corporate Executive B oard, 2001. Business Banking Board. Risk Management Structure. Washington, D. C. : Corporate Executive Board, 2001. Consultative Document Operational Risk. 2001. Bank for International Settlements and Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. July 2002. http://www. bis. org/publ/bcbsa07. pdf Crouhy, Michel; Galai, Dan; Mark, Robert, Risk Management. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. â€Å"Elements of a Successful IT Risk Management Program†. Gartner. (May 2002. ) 9. July 2002. http://www. gartner. com/gc/webletter/bindview/issue1/ggarticle1. html Ernst Young, Integrated Risk Management Practices. Unpublished PowerPoint slides, Ernst Young: 2000. Hively, Kevin; Merkley, Brian W. ; Miccolis, Jerry A. Enterprise Risk Management: Trends and Emerging Practices. Florida: The Institute of Internal Auditors Foundation, 2001. Hoffman, Douglas G. Managing Operational Risk. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. , 2002. â€Å"In Brief: Ferguson Urges Investing in Risk Control†. American Banker. (March 5, 2002) 1. July 2002. http://0proquest. umi. com. opac. library. csupomona. edu James, Christopher, RAROC Based Capital Budgeting and Performance Evaluation: A Case Study of Bank Capital Allocation. Pennsylvania: The Wharton School, 1996. Jameson, Rob; Walsh, John, â€Å"The Leading Contenders,† Risk Magazine, (November 2000). 6. July 2002. http://www. financewise. om/public/edit/riskm/oprisk/opr-soft00. htm Insurance Industry – Participating companies: Allianz, AXA, Chubb, Mitsui Sumitomo, Munich Re, Swiss Re, Tokio Marine and Fire, Xl, Yasuda Fire and Marine and Zurich. Insurance of Operational Risk Under the New Basel Accord. Insurance Industry, 2001. Lam, James, â€Å"Top Ten Requirements for Operational Risk Management† R isk Management (November 2001) July 2002. http://0-proquest. umi. com. opac. library. csupomona. edu Marks, Norman, â€Å"The New Age of Internal Auditing† The Internal Auditor (December 2001) 5. July 2002. http://0-proquest. mi. com. opac. library. csupomona. ed McNamee, David; Selim, George M. Risk Management: Changing the Internal Auditor’s Paradigm. Florida: The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation, 1998. National Association of Financial Services Auditors. â€Å"Enterprise Risk Management,† National Association of Financial Services Auditors. Spring 2002. 12-13. netForensics is a Web site that discusses those regulations that govern information security in financial services, healthcare and government. http://www. netforensics. com/verticals. html 10 Ong, Michael; â€Å"Why bother? Risk Magazine, (November 2000). 6. July 2002. http://www. financewise. com/public/edit/riskm/oprisk/oprcommentary00. htm Practice Advisory 2100-3: Internal Auditâ €™s Role in the Risk Management Process. March 2001. The Institute of Internal Auditors. July 2002. http://www. theiia. org/ecm/guide-frame. cfm? doc_id=73 Santomero, Anthony M. , Commercial Bank Risk Management: an Analysis of the Process. Wharton School, 1997. Pennsylvania: The Sound Practices for the Management and Supervision of Operational Risk. 2002. Bank for International Settlements and Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. July 2002. http://www. bis. org/publ/bcbs86. htm The Financial Services Roundtable, Guiding Principles in Risk Management for U. S. Commercial Banks. Washington D. C. : The Financial Services Roundtable, 1999. Verschoor, Curtis C. Audit Committee Briefing – 2001: Facilitating New Audit Committee Responsibilities. Florida: The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2001. Working Paper on the Regulatory Treatment of Operational Risk. 2001. Bank for International Settlements and Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. July 2002. http://www. bis. org/publ/bcbs_wp8. pdf 11 How to cite Enterprise Risk Management, Essays

Wednesday, April 29, 2020

Women And Sexism Essays (732 words) - Sexism, Discrimination

Women And Sexism We [women] are, as a sex, infinitely superior to men. Elizabeth Stanton (prominent woman suffragist) - (excerpted from One Woman, One Vote by Wheeler, pg. 58) Frailty, thy name is woman. William Shakespeare - (excerpted from Hamlet, Act I, scene 2) This quote made by Stanton in 1890 shows many of the feministic beliefs held by the women of today. And the quote made by Shakespeare holds many of the same thoughts shared by men. The battle of the sexes is prevalent everywhere and is applicable to anything. From athletics to the military, men and women struggle to beat the other, but I find it to be particularly found in the workplace. Men and women are extremely competitive with occupations, and men feel superior to women. They [men] know the statistics are more favorable to them and they would like to keep it that way. If this is true, then how do women and men share the world together without war between each other? I believe that for both sides to prevent this from occurring, they ignore many of the differences. Many women choose not to see the statistics or they do not care and accept that men are more successful than women are. The story Tales Out of Medical School, written by Adriane Fugh-Berman, which is an account about a woman that chose not to ignore the differences that faced her, shows another side to the superficial harmony. Fugh-Berman faces sexism and discrimination at Georgetown Medical School where women are the minority. She sees the various examples of sexism from her anatomy instructors to the Academic Deans. There were classes that were only offered to men, and when she tried to change that the whole course was put on hold. This of course caused extreme tension between the men and the women of this class. Just because you can't take this course, why do you want to ruin it for the rest of us? was one of the comments made by one of her male classmates. Subconsciously this man does not want this woman to succeed. Her classmates that are women and are not bothered by the sexism also shock her. In reference to this a classmate stated, Oh, they're just of the old school. (referring to the doctors that ignored the women students) This account shows the sad truth that some women are happy to accept sexism and discrimination. For the women that do not, there is a long struggle ahead. Many do not make it t o the end, or they tire of the pressures put upon them. For example, Shannon Faulkner who wished to become the first woman in the Citadel was mocked, ridiculed and harassed until she withdrew. And why wouldn't the men of the Citadel want to see a fellow human being where they take so much pride? The fact that she is a she and they do not like that a woman would be on the same level. Hilary Clinton is yet another example of a woman put down for being in control. The tabloids and newspapers tore Hilary apart for trying to take over the President's job. Why would it bother them that she may have been helping out the economy? Once gain, the president is a man, and there is no need for a woman to help. Even in my personal everyday experiences sexism is everywhere. And sadly enough, it is accepted everywhere. In recreational books women play passive roles, in movies and even TV sitcoms. For example in the sitcom Dharma and Greg, which is about a young married couple, the man is a successful lawyer from a wealthy family, while Dharma is a cute little blonde that cracks jokes. My own boyfriend will make wise cracks of how after he goes to medical school and becomes a successful doctor he will provide for me, and I won't have to do anything. Talking with some friends in the Wharton school of business, I see more sexism than I thought existed in the nineties. 78% of the Wharton undergraduates are men and they believe this is so because the business world doesn't need women. In my generation, there arise the same sexist beliefs held centuries

Friday, March 20, 2020

USA Patriot Act essays

USA Patriot Act essays To borrow a term from Shakespeare, the arguments against the U.S. Patriot Act (USAPA) are much to do about nothing. Upon exploration of major concerns regarding USAPA, the arguments made are weak and often over exaggerated claims designed to inflame those concerned with protecting civil liberties. This paper discusses the opponents' major points against USAPA and finds each assertion to be inane or false. The reality is that USAPA simply allows the investigation of all suspected terrorist activity using surveillance common to other criminal investigations and improved communication across government agencies. Opponents of the USAPA argue that the expanded definition of terrorism to cover domestic as well as international terrorism expands the type of conduct that the government can investigate too broadly (How the USA Patriot Act redefines "domestic terrorism). They believe that the government will unfairly use this broader interpretation to monitor the activities of activist organizations such as Greenpeace and Operation Rescue. And, opponents are also concerned that the government can spy or suspected computer trespassers without a court order and can add samples to DNA databases for those convicted of any crime of violence (EFF analysis of the provisions of the USA Patriot Act). The notion that the government should be restricted from investigating domestic terrorism is absurd. Americans were responsible for approximately seventy-five percent of the 335 incidents between 1980 and 2000 that the FBI has classified as suspected or confirmed terrorism (American militant extremists). USAPA defines domestic terrorism as criminal acts that are "dangerous to human life", a category that clearly warrants government investigation. And, accusations that USAPA allows the federal government to secure secret search warrants with no probable cause are not true (Herron, M. an...

Wednesday, March 4, 2020

5 Points on Proper Usage for Proper Nouns

5 Points on Proper Usage for Proper Nouns 5 Points on Proper Usage for Proper Nouns 5 Points on Proper Usage for Proper Nouns By Mark Nichol What’s in a name? Any one of many complications, apparently. Here are some rules about how to style proper nouns: 1. Capitalizing People’s Names Several writers and artists (or their publishers) have been identified in print with their names styled in all lowercase letters. That’s all well and good for their own books or albums, but otherwise their names should play by the rules: It’s â€Å"E. E. Cummings,† not â€Å"e e cummings.† The same goes for writer Bell Hooks, singer K. D. Lang, and others. 2. Case in Corporate and Product Names Starting in the 1990s, high tech corporations started getting high-techy with their identities and with names of products and services by employing names starting with lowercase letters, capitalizing the first letter of the second element of a closed compound, or both. (The technique had been used in isolation for several decades but became trendy only at the close of the twentieth century.) Popularly known as camel case (from the humplike uppercase letter in the middle of the word), this style was probably inspired by early programming languages, which often distinguished each new term within a word string devoid of letter spaces by capitalizing it. Technically, the style of names with both initial and medial capitalization, such as YouTube, is called Pascal case, after the programming language Pascal, while the term â€Å"camel case† applies to names such as eBay with lowercase initial letters and medial capitalization. Sometimes, a fine line is drawn between honoring these unconventional conventions and unnecessarily indulging corporate branding. In the case of camel case and Pascal case, retain the aberrant styling, but some style guides recommend recasting sentences to avoid beginning them with a word starting with a lowercase letter. 3. Names as Distinguished from Logos However, distinguish between company names and their logos: Omit the exclamation point when referring to Yahoo unless you’re effusive or indignant. Also, a simple hyphen can stand in for the stylized asterisk in E-Trade’s name, and though the company’s copyright statement uses all uppercase letters, nothing requires you to apply this inelegant form. And never apply a symbol for a registered trademark or service mark to the name of any corporate entity or its products unless your company is partnering with that firm and the partnership dictates such a courtesy. 4. Initials in People’s Names Should you insert letter spaces between a person’s first and middle initials? As with many other niggling details, it depends on the type of publications. Most books and many magazines separate initials (â€Å"A. B. See†), while less formal publications don’t; newspapers tend to be minimalistic. The same rule holds for more than two initials (â€Å"J. B. S. Haldane†). But when a well-known figure is identified by first, middle, and last initials alone, omit both letter spaces and periods: â€Å"JFK.† 5. Particles in People’s Names When referring to a person with a name that includes such particles as De, Von, and Mac or their variants, consult to a biographical dictionary to confirm the capitalization style and whether they are separated from the name’s principal element; most of them (including Mac) can vary in both regards from one person to another. Whether to retain the particle when referring to someone by last name alone is a complicated issue; the answer varies by language, by tradition, and by publication. (In the case of a lowercase particle traditionally retained, when the surname appears alone, such as a subsequent reference to Vincent van Gogh, preserve this style except at the beginning of a sentence.) If you’re writing or editing for a particular publication, consult the appropriate style guide about this issue, or trust the publication’s editors to conform your usage to their style. If you’re self-publishing in print or online, investigate current usage and make your own choice. Either way, be consistent. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two PeopleHow to spell "in lieu of"20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

Sunday, February 16, 2020

Ekphrastic Poetry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ekphrastic Poetry - Assignment Example In the first pairing, we see Peter Bruegel the Elder’s Landscape with the Fall of Icarus. W.H. Auden wrote Musee des Beaux Arts based on this painting. While it is probably a fine poem—W.H. Auden being a famous writer—the only real reference that caught my attention was in the second line of the poem where he referred overtly to the Dutch masters. Truthfully, Landscape wasn’t really an attention-grabbing piece of art either in several respects, although the colors were enjoyable. Additionally, even though the allegorical references to Icarus in both the painting and the poem are duly noted, such references were lost on this writer—much as one may adore art and poetry. The second poem was just about as engaging. The most interesting part was in the third stanza when it seemed as though the author was alluding to the fact that one day these men in the picture would be buried in snow at the top of the hill—true, a bit macabre, but it captured th e imagination. Mingus in Shadow was simply depressing. It’s not enough to hear about and see the picture of someone who is dead/dying—but, to hear that they were obese in life and then to talk about the grandiosity of their souls in relation to their body image—seems a bit obtuse and oversimplified as a metaphor. Rainer Maria Rilke’s poem was absolutely brilliant in so many ways.

Sunday, February 2, 2020

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Microfinance Research Paper

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Microfinance - Research Paper Example The paper focuses on microfinance activities meeting the cause of women in the countries like Kenya, South Africa, and Ghana. Microfinance in Kenya ACCA (2011) states that the microfinance activities in Kenya got its foothold in '80s but it expanded rapidly after Microfinance Intermediaries Act came into force in the year 2006. The microfinance intermediaries (MFIs) operate under regulatory framework called Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). As per EIU, Kenya offers one of the best business environments for MFIs. Reece (2011) describes about the organizational power of women in Kenya who without enough government help are building financial resources and security for them. As such, only 20 percent of the population in Kenya is in the position to open a bank account or do any transaction with the banks. Rose Olouch, a village woman, is quite vocal in stating that Kenyan women are capable of empowering themselves. She leads the group of 20 women who among themselves save, loan and cont ribute towards group insurance fund to meet emergencies. Women dominate in decision making process with regard to village and home finances. Small savings and loan groups provide basic level of financing to the low-income groups. Such groups meet monthly to carry out essential activities maintaining a strict discipline in the gathering. The Women’s Enterprise Development Institute (WEDI) is the largest organization serving some 20,000 clients. The WEDI's operations are based on the managed-ASCA model. Women take loan from the ASCA. Each member contributes Ksh100 as monthly saving and they can withdraw it on notice. Members are eligible for the dividend at the end of the year. The ASCA does charge management fees depending upon the funds handled. At least 45% of WEDI groups operate in areas with population density of 200 persons per square km. Further, most of the WEDI groups operate in the areas where poverty incidence is between 20 and 40 percent of the population. Johnson, et al. argues that decentralized models have advantages in reaching poorer and remote areas. WEDI client portfolio includes women from the poorest strata of the society. WEDI’s clients are involved in the activities of farming and producing cash crops such as coffee, beans. They also run retail shops in and indulge into buying and selling of fruits and cereals. Usually, women clients save nearly Ksh 100 per month and take the benefit of small loans from WEDI. WEDI generates enough income from the loans offered so as to sustain its operational expenses (Johnson, Malkamak, and Wanjau, p.11) The Women’s Enterprise Development Company Ltd (WEDCO) is another NGO Microfinance institution operating in the Kenya. Women in rural areas are offered credits by them for their small business activities. WEDCO provides loans for varied purpose including school fees loans and to meet other contingencies. WEDCO serves approximately 12,000 clients in a large geographical area (Johnson, Malkamak, & Wanjau, p.10). Status of Microfinance in South Africa The Microfinance market in South Africa started in the '80s and then it was made up of NGOs and for-profit companies. Until at least 1994 microfinance market in South Africa had a few commercial and not-for-profit lenders but there after microfinance mark

Saturday, January 25, 2020

Varieties of English: Effects on Teaching English

Varieties of English: Effects on Teaching English The Varieties of English and Its Affects on Teaching English as a Foreign Language English is considered to be the most important language and has gained importance internationally. The English is treated as a means of communicating in the areas of the economy, technology, science, arts, tourism, and sports. English language can be described as a truly global language that people all over the use more than any other language and it functions as an international or world language and it serves as lingua franca for facilitating communication between people who do not share the same first (or even second) language (Harmer, 2007). Since English is considered to be the most important tool for communication globally, the understanding of its varieties also becomes necessary. To give clear view of the use of English in different countries, Kachru (1992) presents the three concentric circles of language. The inner circle represents the places where English is used as first or native language such as Britain, the USA, Australia etc. According to Crystal (2006), there are 400 million native speakers of English language. The outer circle includes the places, such as India, Nigeria, the Philippines, Singapore etc, where English is used as an official language or second language. Crystal (2006) states that there are 400 million speak English as a second language. The Expanding circle represents the countries where English plays no special status but widely used as a lingua franca or medium of international communication and studied as a foreign language, for example, Japan, Egypt, Mexico, Indonesia etc. There are around 600-700 million people use English as a foreign language around the world (Crystal, 2006). These circles clearly show the high status of Englis h language as it becomes an official or second language in more than 100 countries. There are about 2 billion people, one third of the world population speak English all over the world. Varieties of world English include American English. British English, Singapore English (Singalish), Indian English, Australian English, Philippine English, Scottish English, Spanglish, Taglish etc. The existence of different varieties of English around world is because of the spread of English. The spread of English is the result of a number of historical and pragmatic factors (McCrum, 2010). The first factor is the expansion and the influence of British colonization to many parts of the world in the nineteenth century. The second factor is the great influence of United States in world economy and military and Harmer (2013) states that these influences make English to become one of the main language of international businesses. Thirdly, according to Crystal (2003), American technology takes a leading role in the world technology. Besides, the great deal of advertising, broadcasting, popular music and literature around the world use English to express the ideas around the world. Moreover, in education, the most of the academic discourse use English language and it can be one of the main reasons why many countries use English as the foreign language or medium of instruction in schools. Therefore, it is obvious that English becomes a global language as it is the most commonly used in many important fields such as business, education, media, science and technology. According to Greenbaum and Quirk (1991), there are five reasons why varieties of English has evolved: regional, social group, field of discourse, medium and attitudes. The variation occurs in the distinctive features of English which include spelling, pronunciation, lexis, grammar and preferred usages. The varieties of English, as shown in the verbal structures, which express the variations in the aspects are commonly seen in all the varieties around the world. Pronunciation and morphology can be classified in accordance with the frequency of variation seen in the non-standard forms of the English language. The variation in vocabulary is restricted to two types. First, the presence of archaic words and second, the presence of flora and fauna words. The phonological, morphological and syntactical features are the three main features which show the variations in the English language as compared to be the standard form of the language. Out of all the countries around the world, Britain and America are the two main countries that have used a standard form of English. In Britain, the standard form is called as received pronunciation (RP), and in America, the standard form is called by various names, but most common being- general American and network American. Maximum people in America, use General American while speaking. Whereas, a very few people in Britain, use Received Pronunciation while speaking. Other than these two standard forms of English are considered to be the varieties of English. The varieties of English (Fairclough,2014) spoken out of Britain and America are called to be overseas or extraterritorial varieties. English is considered to be an official and often native language. English fulfills the function of a lingua franca (ELF). Many countries, like Nigeria, have used English as a lingua franca (which means a general means of communication). More attention shall be given to the varieties in ELT from various perspectives like grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary (Pennycook.2014). The variations are least at the level of grammar. Thus, are not to be addressed in the English language classroom in detail. But if we talk about pronunciation, the case is totally different. It requires to be studied in detail. The role of varieties of English in ELT to some extent also depends on the teacher. It has been seen that the prospective teachers of ELT are not prepared properly for coping up with the variety-related problems that arise in the classroom. Due to lack of proper training, teachers hesitate to include varieties of English in ELT as they consider it a complex thing (Llurda, 2016). Also, varieties are not considered important by teachers as they usually are not important in exams. The challenges of variation of English language in ELT context can be overcome by strengthening the regional and social varieties in the areas where English is used traditionally as the traditional language by the majority of the population, by growing the self-confidence of the native and non-native users of English to use the regional varieties in the English language without sticking to the norms of using the traditional language as standard as exposing students to as many varieties of English as possible would do more to ensure intelligibility than trying to impose a single standard on everyone (DSouza, 1999) and by adopting ELF in the ELT, due to globalization as English learners will most likely to communicate in English with other non-native ELF speakers in ELF interactions. Although it is impossible and unnecessary to teach all varieties of English in the classroom, students should be given proper training to be able to understand the speakers from different geographical and social differences which needs to include more exposure to varieties and variety-related training in ELT to create awareness, for example, teaching listening skill with the recordings of different speakers with different accents. To conclude, because of the spread of English in British colonization and the influence of USA in economic and military and a wide use of English language in different areas to share the ideas with the world such as media, technology, science and education can make English to become global language. As English become global language, there are many users of English around the world and this lead to different varieties of English. The existence of varieties of English influence in teaching English as the role of varieties in the ELT classroom has gained major importance and thus, can be said to be the most promising way to provide users of English an education which makes them highly competent in terms of communication globally.

Friday, January 17, 2020

Corruption in Bolt’s ‘Man for All Seasons’

Most of us, politically, mentally, morally, socially, live somewhere between the negative pole of Robert Bolt’s â€Å"terrifying cosmos [where] †¦no laws, no sanctions, no mores obtain† (xvi), the nadir of the human spirit and self, and the positive pole he finds in Thomas More, who makes, not only in oaths but in all his dealings, â€Å"an identity between the truth †¦ and his own virtue,† and â€Å"offers himself as a guarantee† (xiii-xiv) – a self which proves incorruptible by either promise or punishment. Near to More’s level of righteousness are his wife and daughter, though he feels the need to protect them from perjuring themselves, a corruption stemming from one of the hardest temptations, protecting their family from harm. Rich and Cromwell are nearer to the lower pole in the play, the former making the complete arc from innocence to its opposite, and the latter starting from a place of moral bankruptcy and guiding Rich there with him. In between is the political corruption of King Henry who won’t let â€Å"all the Popes back to St. Peter [get] between me and my duty† (54), and of Woolsey’s appeal to More along patriotic and anti-war lines. With the exception of More, and those who anchor themselves to him like his family and Will Roper, they are all, like the Boatman’s wife, â€Å"losing [their] shape, sir. Losing it fast† (28). Richard Rich is the play’s most developed exemplar of the gradual, and gradually accelerating, course t hat leads, through corrupt action, to corruption’s end-point: a shell without a self. As the Common Man, in the guise of Matthew, correctly predicts, Rich â€Å"come[s] to nothing† (17), despite his final worldly status, symbolized by his rich robes which, as that same Man says elsewhere of all clothing, say nothing about the man inside them, â€Å"barely cover[ing] one man’s nakedness† (3). Oliver Cromwell, a disciple of Machiavelli, and unashamedly corrupt, is Rich’s teacher and exhorter along that road. Rich is bullied into telling Cromwell information that might harm Thomas More, a betrayal. Cromwell uses this sin as a teaching opportunity – the more you give in to corruption (and therefore the less of you there is left to struggle against it), the easier it becomes: CROMWELL There, that wasn’t too painful, was it? RICH (laughing a little and a little rueful) No! CROMWELL That’s all there is, and you’ll find it easier next time. (76) Richard Rich sums up the teachings of Machiavelli, embodied in Cromwell, as quintessentially empty (though Rich is too fearful for his worldly status to be afraid of the legitimately fearful consequence of following those teachings): â€Å"properly apprehended, [Macchiavelli] has no doctrine. Master Cromwell has the sense of it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (13). In following Cromwell into philosophical corruption, Rich will reap the rewards of such pragmatism. More, at the apex of Rich’s ascent to influence and wealth (he’s been named Attorney General for Wales as a reward for perjury), reminds Rich that â€Å"it profits a man nothing to give his soul for the whole world† (158). That word, â€Å"nothing,† both represents that he doesn’t gain anything worth having, and that he will, in consequence, add to the absence of his being – what he will gain is nothingness. The reasons Rich and Cromwell are tempted are simple in that they (the reasons) are particular to self-profit (More, and perhaps Bolt through More, would find that an ironic term): personal wealth, influence and power, and escape from suffering. Cardinal Woolsey tempts More with a form of corruption less black-and-white: not merely Cromwell’s short-sited â€Å"administrative convenience† (73), but a seemingly moral and patriotic act: possibly preventing a war of succession like the War of the Roses had been. â€Å"Oh your conscience is your own affair,† the Cardinal tells More, â€Å"but you’re a statesman! Do you remember the Yorkist wars? All right [my solution to this problem is, in that it isn’t perfectly moral,] regrettable, but necessary†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (22). It is a dilemma: whether the good of a country (or the prevention of an evil to a country) somehow outweighs the evil of achieving that end by corrupt means. More’s â€Å"horrible moral squint† (19), as Woolsey calls it, sees through the Cardinal’s assumption that such corruption, simply because it has a good in sight for that greater self that is one’s homeland, won’t open the door to further corruption, as a precedent that many (as it affects many) will follow, that will in fact â€Å"lead their country by a short route to chaos† (22). The form of corruption with which Thomas More will have to grapple most desperately, and from which he will protect his family most carefully, is the temptation to act against conscience, not for personal gain, or for the sake of an abstract like ‘the common good,’ but for loved ones. More knows that temptation, in this case to perjure themselves for his own sake, might topple even the upright Alice and Margaret. For that eason, despite the anger and suffering his wife and daughter evidence at being kept in the dark, he never once opens his mind to them about those issues (the real reason behind his resignation, which lands them in poverty, and imprisonment over taking an oath, which deprives them of father and husband, and puts them in danger) – a relief he must have craved were they the picture of understanding. However, though they are not – he tell’s Margaret â€Å"the King’s more merciful than you; he doesn’t use the rack† ( 142) – he holds firm. This he also does for himself, never taking the oath and perjuring himself to God (as, he says, â€Å"what is an oath then, but words we say to God† (140)), though he knows his family will suffer his ultimate loss. For that reason, though, he can go to his death with a special tranquility, telling the headsman â€Å"you send me to God †¦ He will not refuse one who is so blithe to go to him† (160). We are left, then, with so many who died long ago, and the tale that history, and this play, tells of them. Richard Rich loses himself to corruption for purely personal gain, and while he lives with outward wealth, he is inwardly rotten, and ends in obscurity. Cardinal Woolsey, who ruthlessly pursues personal power and uses the same tactics in pursuit of patriotic goals, is remembered as an influencer of the policies of Europe, but, in the play, paves the way for greater evil, though he tries to stave it off by electing More Lord Chancellor. That evil is personified in Cromwell, a man with no morals, patriotic or otherwise. That â€Å"short route to chaos† More warns of shows up as well in the escalation of the scale of resistance Henry levels against the Church, eventually destroying most of the monasteries in England, and sparking a bloodily put down revolution. More, meanwhile, is an inspiration not only for his family, but has inspired conscience and nobility of spirit for almost five hundred years since his death, which is its own kind of immortality.

Thursday, January 9, 2020

European Political Transformation Essay - 1835 Words

In 21st century Europe, along with America, the idea of individual rights is something that is taken for granted. It is almost unimaginable to think of a time where the freedom of speech, right to vote, and ability to run for office were not automatically a given right for the majority of the population. For the most part, these changes came about during the mid-to late nineteenth century. Some philosophers, psychologists, and even scientists shared their opinions through their works during this era. These famous works commented on or even helped further generate the political reformation. The countless revolutions and political reconstructions of the eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century established a few democratic governments†¦show more content†¦They were able to amend the injustices of Parliament. One example of the corruption would be the representation. Both the House of Lords and the House of Commons were composed of Aristocratic landowners, who were looking out for their own interests and voted accordingly. England was able to regulate this and allow others to join the House of Commons. In addition to this reform, journalists were given the right to sit in when Parliament met, and inform the public of the on goings. One new philosophy that helped to introduce the concept of individual rights to Europe was Utilitarianism. Created by John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism still is a widely spread concept. Mill’s â€Å"Greatest Happiness Principle† declared that in life, there was only pleasure and pain. Whether it is a noble act or not, the correct thing to do was to attempt to give pleasure to the greatest possible amount of people, even if it hurts a smaller group of people (Mill 4). In addition to this, Mill also believed in basic human rights, such as freedom of thought and action, or as he called them â€Å"liberty of conscience†, â€Å"liberty of thought and feeling†, and â€Å"liberty of each individual†. At the time, this seemed to be a radical idea for one to be able to have a â€Å"freedom of opinion† regarding religion, politics, science, and morality. Religion was a particularly hot topic in England, which had been constantly been flip-flopping on monarchs based onShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Technology Influences Power Relations And Resource Allocation800 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopment is central to political economy. For instance, when Adam Smith (1776) spoke of â€Å"improvements in machinery† (p. 31), â€Å"a propensity to truck, barter, and exchange† (p. 32) and a â€Å"great society† (p. 40), he was referring to development- engaging in activities that enhances one’s quality of life. Marxism’s dialectic materialism or the idea that change in the means of production influences social order (Marx Engels, 1848) also concerns development by highlighting how new technology influencesRead MoreLocated Between Russia And The West, East Central Europe1458 Words   |  6 Pagesits Western and Eastern neighbors can be traced back to the 1500s, starting with the Habsburg Empire, who did not overtly coin ‘East Central Europe.’ However, they had a (political) vision that the House o f Austria would become a powerful negotiator in the center of the continent as protector of â€Å"Catholicism and of general European values that were allegedly threatened both by radical ideas of the French Revolution in Western Europe and by Russian absolutism in Eastern Europe† (Iordachi 2012). TheRead MoreOrigins Of The Twin Revolutions1287 Words   |  6 Pages Modernity, it is a macro process of transition from traditional to modern society. â€Å"Formation of a modern political map of the world began in early 1800 in Western Europe and maybe characterized as the product of the twin revolutions.† European colonization of the New World, the economic and political development of new territories led to significant changes in the political map. Modernity it is a complex of multi-faceted process that took a place in Europe during the 18th century andRead MoreAnalysis Of Saskia Sassen, A Leading Globalization Scholar1660 Words   |  7 Pagesundergone some vital transformations since this kind of accommodation requires negotiation. For the global economy, this particular negotiation involves developments inside the national states and entails legislative acts, executive orders, court rulings and policy-making mechanisms. Citizenship, the fundamental institution that qualifies one to be a member of a nation, is being destabilized partly by the present developments connected with globalization. Certain major transformations are taking placeRead MoreThe Age Of Revolution And The European Revolution1152 Words   |  5 PagesThe age of revolution was a powerful dynamic age in the European politics and the European Society that started in 1789 and ended in 1848. During this era, radical citizens and reforming governments in Europe changed the existing laws and the ruling structure in a way that created the forms of the existing modern Europe states. The age was very revolutionary as it gave the introduction to new systems within Europe. Th e era was both an age of destruction as well as a catalyst for growth. Also, theRead MoreThe Protestant Information1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe protestant information is one of the most significant historical heritages the religious community value. The event of this transformation was violent and interesting at the same time. Religious institutions that exist today are the result of the war and transformation of people’s ideology. The history and the reason behind the formation are well documented and analyzed based on the events. The explanation behind the reformation is detailed and expansive enough to provide the reader a wider perspectiveRead More The European Expansion and its Effects on the World Essay1260 Words   |  6 Pages403) The European scientific revolution was fueled by the blending of â€Å"liberal† and â€Å"servile† arts, in other words, science and technology. Because of the European expansion taking place throughout the world, new commer ce and industries were advancing, creating the need for new technology and science. The theories and inventions that Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton provided were the fist major advances during the scientific revolution, and perhaps were the most profound. The European expansionRead MoreInternational Organizations : A Case Study1113 Words   |  5 PagesRecent events – ranging from Britain’s exit of the European Union to democratic backsliding in Central and Eastern European states (CEEs) – have seriously put into question whether International Organizations (IOs) can restrain or even shape state behavior. This paper will examine IOs’ ability to shape preferences and thereby influence state behavior through a case study of parental leave legislation in the Baltic states. More specifically, this paper will argue that rationalist explanations cannotRead MoreThe Geographic, Political, and Ethnic Impact European Colonialism Has Played on the Present History of Africa 1486 Words   |  6 PagesThere is an ongoing debate on how the current political and economic failures in Africa can be traced back to the advent of colonialism. There is a great deal of evidence that illustrates the impact that colonialism and foreign intervention has had a negative effect on the development of present history of Africa. This essay will attempt to examine the geographic, political and ethnic impact European colonialism has played on the development of the African, and how these contributions have put AfricaRead MoreThe Theoretical Success Of Decolonization783 Words   |  4 Pagesof a imperial European theatre and its hierarchical society. It was during this period that the notion of imperialism became associated with opprobrium. The formation of the UN and their charter on self-determination and human rights indicated an incompatibility with European imperialism. The bipolar system of international society determined that decolonization was the best key to ensure the UN new charters and to maintain global sustainability. The decolonization process of European empires attempted

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

The Importance of Names in Frankenstein and the Handmaids...

Names are a very important thing that most people are given shortly after birth. A name is â€Å"the word or words that a person, thing or place is known by† (Cambridge Online Dictionary (2011), Retrieved November 6th 2012). Names are given to identify an individual in replace of calling someone â€Å"it†, a term used to refer to something inanimate or without a name. A name shows that someone loves us enough to name us; to think about it with care and affection. Names surrounding the author have a great influence also and the main character in Frankenstein shares the penname of Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley’s husband. In The Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood uses the influence of feminism to create the names of the majority of the female†¦show more content†¦Victor’s hubris can also link to Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost. Formerly the most beautiful of all angels in Heaven, he is a tragic figure best described by the now-f amous quote Better to reign in Hell than to serve in Heaven (Paradise Lost, Book One, Page 263). He is introduced to Hell after he leads a failed rebellion to wrestle control of Heaven from God. (Wikipedia (2012), Retrieved November 8th 2012). Anne Mellor said that â€Å"Frankenstein’s scientific project is clearly an attempt to gain power† (A Feminist Critique of Science). This can be seen though Victor’s speech about creating the Creature and his toils. We know that Victor is punished because he says â€Å"one by one, my friends were snatched away; I was left desolate.† The use of the term â€Å"friends† in this quote suggests that Victor does not feel any relation to William, his brother. He does not say â€Å"friends and family† which would have described his punishment accurately. The use of â€Å"one by one† creates imagery of the domino effect. The repetition of â€Å"one† can suggest that each death is linked; which in evitably they are. There was also no choice in the loss of his friends as they were â€Å"snatched† away from him. This violent verb represents the creature in a vicious light. The adjective â€Å"desolate† suggests that he is completely alone, even though he still has people that care for him. Victor’s best friend, Henry Clerval, whose name is phonetically similar toShow MoreRelatedEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 Pagesof Solitude Catch-22 Othello Crime and Punishment The Scarlet Letter The Crucible Slaughterhouse-Five A Farewell to Arms Song of Solomon Ghosts The Stone Angel The Great Gatsby The Stranger Heart of Darkness A Tale of Two Cities The House of Mirth Their Eyes Were Watching God Jude the Obscure 2003 (Form A): According to critic Northrop Frye, â€Å"Tragic heroes are so much the highest points in their human landscape that they seem the inevitable conductors